Fomula Makanan Rumusan

Fomula Makanan Rumusan

Di sini disertakan contoh formula makanan rumusan untuk pelbagai spesies ikan dan udang dalam fomat asal bahasa inggeris ,supaya tidak tersalah terjemah.Saya akan cuba terjemahkan dengan bahan mentah tempatan dalam masa yang terdekat ini.Terima kasih dan harap maaf.

Formula yang di beri ini hanya lah sebagai garis panduan sahaja.Sila gunakan/gantikan bahan mentah tempatan yang boleh di perolehi dan buat secara “try and error’ jangan mudah berpuas hati jika berjaya…tingkat kan lagi keberkesanan nya ingat,

‘ HANYA PENTERNAK SAHAJA YANG TAHU MAKANAN TERBAIK UNTUK TERNAKAN NYA ‘

1. Atlantic Salmon:	Wet Food Mixture	(UK)
	(%)
Industrial Clupeid	45.0
Saithe Offal	25.0
White Fish Offal	20.0
Vitamin Meal 1/(Thiamin added)	10.0
	100.0

Calculated analysis: 23.3% cl; 47.8 cp; 21.7% carbohydrate, on dry matter basis. Source: Sedgwick, 1982

1/Composition unspecified. Includes 1% Carboxymethycellulose or Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose as binder.

2. Pacific Salmon:	Moist (Oregon) Starter Mash (%)	(USA)
Herring Meal	48.0
Wheat Germ Meal	10.0
Dried Whey	10.0
Vitamin Mix No. 7	1.5
Tuna Viscera	10.0
Turbot, Salmon viscera or Herring	10.0
Herring Oil	10.0
Choline Chloride	0.5
	100.0

Source: Piper et al, 1982

3. Trout:	Dry Fingerling (PR 6) (%)	(USA)
Fish Meal (60% CP)	34.0
Soybean Meal	10.0
Maize Gluten Meal	6.0
Wheat Middlings	19.3
Dried Brewers Yeast	5.0
Dried Whey	10.0
Dried Fermentation Solubles	8.0
Alfalfa Meal	3.0
Soybean Oil	4.0
Vitamin Mix No. 8	0.4
Choline Chloride (50%)	0.2
Mineral Mix No. 3	0.1
	100.0

Source: Piper et al., 1982

4. Rainbow Trout:	Moist Pellets (Solberg) (%)	(Denmark)
Raw Minced Industrial Fish	50.0
High-Fat Fish Meal	21.2
Extracted Soy Meal	22.2
Fish Oil (with 0.2% Raloquin Antioxidant)	3.0
Lecithin	2.0
Potassium Iodide	0.2
Sodium Chloride	0.24
Dicalcium Phosphate	0.136
Thiamin	0.02
Vitamin E	0.004
Alginate H 120 (Binder)	1.0
	100.0

Source: Sedgwick, 1982

5. Trout:	Dry Fry/Fingerling Feed (%)	(Mexico)
Extruded Whole Soybeans	68.94
Fish Meal	20.00
Maize Gluten	10.00
DL-Methionine	0.26
L-Lysine	0.10
Vitamin Premix No. 5	0.60
Mineral Premix No. 1	0.10
	100.00

Source: Chow, 1982c

6. Channel Catfish(ikan keli):	Dry Pellets (%)	(USA)
Menhaden Fish Meal (60% CP)	12.0
Blood Meal (80% CP)	5.0
Feather Meal	5.0
Ext. Soybean Meal	22.5
Dec. Cottonseed Meal	12.5
Dried Distillers Solubles	8.0
Rice Bran	20.0
Wheat Shorts	10.0
Dehydrated Alfalfa (17% CP)	3.5
Iodized Salt	1.0
Vitamin Premix 1/	0.5
	100.0

Source: Lee, 1981 1/Details not available

7. Channel Catfish:	32% Protein Extruded Dry Pellet 2/		(USA)
	(% of diet)	(% of diet)
	1	7
Menhaden Fish Meal	8.0	-
Soybean Meal (48% CP)	48.2	-
Soybean Meal (44% CP)	-	47.5
Corn (Maize)	29.2	30.0
Rice Bran or Wheat Middlings	10.0	-
Meat and Bone Meal	-	15.0
Dried Whey	-	2.5
Dicalcium Phosphate	1.0	1.25
Trace Mineral and Vitamin Mix 3/	-	N.S. 4/
Organic Pellet Binder	2.0	-
Fat 3/ (Sprayed After Pelleting)	1.5	-
Trace Mineral Mix 3/	0.05	-
Vitamin Mix 3/	0.05	-
Coated Vitamin C	0.038	-

Source: NRC, 1983 2/Diets do not add to 100% 3/Details not specified 4/Amount unspecified

8. Catfish (Clarias & Ophicephalus spp) (Makanan Rumusan Ikan Keli):	Dry Diet(%)	(Thailand)
Fish meal	56.0
Rice Bran	12.0
Peanut Meal	12.0
Alpha Starch	14.0
Fish Oil	4.0
Vitamin/Mineral Premix 1/	1.6
Basfin (Binder)	0.4
	100.0

Source: Tacon and Beveridge, 1981 1/Details not available

9. Brackishwater catfish (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus)		Fry Feed (%)		(Côte d'Ivoire)
	1		2
Fish meal	70		50
Wheat Bran	10		10
Maize Meal	10		10
Cottonseed Oil Cake	5		5
Soybean Oil Cake	-		20
Vitamin Mix 1/	2		2
Cod Liver Oil	3		3
	100		100

Source: Dia and Oteme, 1986 1/Details not available

10. African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) KELI AFRIKA	Growers Diet (%)	(Central African Republic)
Dry Brewery Waste	10.00
Rice Bran	15.00
Maize	6.25
Cottonseed Oil Cake	25.00
Groundnut Cake	25.00
Sesame Oil Cake	10.00
Blood Meal	5.00
Vitamin/Mineral Mix 1/	0.25
Dicalcium phosphate	1.00
Bone Meal	1.00
Salt	0.50
Palm Oil	1.00
	100.00

Source: Viveen et al., 1985 1/Details not available

11. Catfish (Silurus glanis):	Moist (%)	(Hungary)
Pasteurized Fish Flesh Waste	60.0
Wheat Mill Run	12.0
Reground Rice Bran	10.0
Maize	12.0
Distillers Dried Yeast	4.0
Vitamin Mix No. 6	0.8
Mineral Mix No. 2	1.2
	100.0

Source: Halver, 1982

12. Common Carp, Channel Catfish & Tilapia spp:	Dry Growers Feed (%)	(Mexico)
Extruded Whole Soybeans	54.00
Sunflower Seed Meal	11.07
Maize Germ Meal	7.34
Sorghum	15.00
Wheat Bran	3.00
Molasses	5.00
Calcium orthophosphate	1.35
Limestone Powder	2.54
Vitamin Mix No. 5	0.60
Mineral Mix No. 1	0.10
	100.00

Source: Chow, 1982c

13. Common Carp (Makanan Rumusan Ikan Kap)	Test Fry Diets				(Egypt)
	(% Composition)
	1	2	3	4	5
Imported Fish Meal (CP 70%)	20.0	10.0	-	-	-
Ext. Soybean Meal	15.0	10.0	-	-	-
Meat Meal (CP 45%)	20.0	15.0	45.0	10.0	-
Poultry by-products	-	15.0	-	25.0	35.0
Ext. Cottonseed Meal	15.0	20.0	20.0	20.0	20.0
Ext. Rice Bran	9.9	19.6	14.1	23.8	23.8
Maize	20.0	10.0	-	-	-
Maize Gluten Meal	-	-	20.0	20.0	20.0
Table Salt	-	-	0.2	0.2	0.2
L-Lysine	-	0.3	0.6	0.9	0.9
Vitamin Mix 1/	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Source: Chow, 1982b

1/A poultry vitamin mix providing (per kg diet): A 5 000 I.U.; D₂ 600 I.U., B₁ 10 mg, B₂ 20 mg, Pantothenic acid 30 mg, Niacin 50 mg, Pyridoxine 2 mg, Vitamin C 200 mg.

14. Common Carp:	Pond Diet (25% CP) (%)	(Israel)
Menhaden Fish Meal	15.00
Soybean Meal (44% CP)	17.00
Wheat	10.00
Sorghum	56.85
DL-Methionine	0.15
Vitamin/Trace Element Mix No. 12	1.00
	100.00

Source: Viola et al., 1982

15. Indian Carps:	Dry Fry Test Feed(%)	(India)
Groundnut Cake	61.0
Rice Bran	37.0
Dicalcium Phosphate	1.5
Table Salt	0.3
Mineral Mix No. 4	0.1
Vitamin Mix No. 9	0.1
	100.0

Source: Chow, 1982a

16. Indian Carps:	Dry Fry Test Diet(%)	(India)
Groundnut Cake	20.0
Sesame Cake	35.0
Fish Meal	10.0
Rice Bran	34.0
Dicalcium Phosphate	0.5
Table Salt	0.3
Mineral Mix No. 4	0.1
Vitamin Mix No. 9	0.1
	100.0

Source: Chow, 1982a

17. Indian Carps:		Pond Mixtures 1/ 2/	(Indian Sub-Continent)
Groundnut Oil Cake		50%
	or Cottonseed Oil Cake	50%
	or Rapeseed Oil Cake	50%
Rice Polishings		50%
	or Rice Bran	50%

Source: Author's observation 1/Not pelleted 2/Sen and Chatterjee (1979) reported that fry of rohu (Labeo rohita), mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) and Catla (Catla catla), fed a 1:1 mixture of groundnut oil cake and rice polishings grew better if a cobalt supplement of 0.01 mg/day/fish was presented, particularly in the case of rohu.

18. Common Carp and Tilapia Hybrids (T. nilotica × T. aurea)	Dry Growers Pellets 3/(Israel)
	' Standard' (%)	'High Protein' (%)
Fish Meal (CP 70%)	25	35
Sorghum Meal	55	45
Wheat Meal	20	20
	100	100

Source: Viola and Arieli, 1982 3/No supplementary vitamins or minerals were used.

19. Tilapia (T. nilotica) and Common Carp	Fingerling A (%)	Test Diets B (%)	(Egypt)
Ext. Cottonseed Meal	53.0	-
Ext. Soybean Meal	-	50.0
Ext. Rice Bran 4/	43.0	46.2
Bone Meal 4/	3.0	3.5
Table Salt	0.2	0.2
DL-Methionine	0.3	-
L-Lysine	0.4	-
Vitamin Mix 5/	0.1	0.1
	100.0	100.0

Source: Chow, 1982b

4/These two ingredients were boiled with water equivalent to 100% of the whole diet to promote a binding capability. Other ingredients were added, the mixture extruded though the 2mm die of a mincer, sun dried and crumbled.

5/A poultry vitamin mix providing (per kg diet): A 5 000 I.U., D2 600 I.U., B1 10 mg, B2 20 mg, Pantothenic acid 30 mg, Niacin 50 mg, Pyridoxine 2 mg, Vitamin C 200 mg.

20. Tilapia (T. mossambica):	Cake Feed (%)	(Philippines)
Rice Bran	70.0
Chopped Snails	30.0
	100.0

Source: Pullin and Lowe-McConnell, 1982

21. Tilapia (T. Mossambica and T. nilotica):	(Philippines) (%)
Rice Bran	77.0
Fish Meal	23.0
	100.0

Source: ?

22. Tilapia (T. nilotica):	(Central African Republic) (%)
Cottonseed oil cake	82.0
Wheat Flour	8.0
Cattle Blood Meal	8.0
Bicalcium Phosphate	2.0
	100.0

Source: ?

23. Tilapia (T. mossambica):	(%)	(Sri Lanka)
Rice Bran	74.59
Coconut oil cake	18.65
Cattle Blood	4.66
Wheat Flour	2.10
	100.00

Source: ?

24. Tilapia (In Freshwater):	Dry Feeds (Experimental) 1/		(UK)
Animal Size (Makanan Rumusan Talapia)	Fry-0.5g	0.5-35g	35g-market
	(%)	(%)	(%)
Brown Fishmeal	30	10	5
Hydrolysed Feather Meal	15	5	3
Meat Meal	5	5	5
Soybean Meal	5	12	4
Groundnut Meal	10	12	10
Cottonseed Meal	5	20	20
Rice Bran	10	20	37
Dried Distillers Solubles	10	10	10
Vitamin Premix No. 10	2	2	2
Mineral Premix 2/	4	4	4
Lipid Supplement 2/	4	-	-
	100	100	100

Source: Jauncey and Ross, 1982 1/The authors state that these formulations have certain amino acid deficiencies. 2/Type not specified.

25. Tilapia (Tilapia discolor)	Experimental Feeds for Cage Culture (3-10 g size) (%)		(Ghana)
	1	2
Fish Meal	45.00	-
Brewery Waste	19.00	12.16
Maize Bran	31.00	20.27
Cowpea	-	43.92
Groundnut Cake	-	18.92
Starch	5.00	4.73
	100.00	100.00

Source: Oduro-Boateng, 1986

26. Marine Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) :Makanan Rumusan Udang Marin	Grow-out Feed	(Malaysia)
	Semi-moist (%)	Dry(%)
Fish Meal (55% CP)	10.0	16.0
Shrimp Head Meal	15.0	24.0
Wheat Pollards	36.75	58.0
Vitamin Mix No. 3	1.25	2.0
Water	37.0	-
	100.00	100.00

Source: Chow, 1984

27. Marine Shrimp (Penaeus monodon):	Dry Grow-out Pellets (%)	(Indonesia)
Squid Head Meal	10.0
Fish Meal	20.0
Soybean Cake	34.0
Shrimp Meat	24.0
Wheat Flour	8.0
Aquamix (Vitamin Mix 1/	2.0
Kelco Alginate	2.0
	100.0

Source: Manik et al., 1980

28. Marine Shrimp (Penaeus monodon & P. merguiensis):	Dry Pellets (%)	(Malaysia)
Fish Meal	27.0
Meat & Bone Meal	10.0
Soybean Meal	15.0
Exp. Sesame Cake Meal	5.0
Exp. Groundnut Meal	5.0
Maize	4.0
Coconut Cake	10.0
Extracted Rice Bran	10.0
Leaf Meal	5.0
Tapioca	8.0
Vitamin Mix No. 4	1.0
[+BHT 0.02% and Ethoxyquin 0.015%]
	100.0

Source: Kanazawa, 1984

29. Marine Shrimp:	Practical Pond Diet 2/ (%)	(USA)
Fish Meal (61% CP)	15.0
Ext. Soybean Meal	36.0
Shrimp Waste Meal	10.0
High-Gluten Wheat Flour	20.0
Rice Bran	12.0
Fat 1/	2.0
Binder (Hemicellulose or Lignin Sulphonate: by-products of wood processing)	2.0
Vitamin Mix 1/	0.5
Trace Mineral Mix 1/	0.5
Dicalcium Phosphate	1.0
Coated Vitamin C	0.038

Source: NRC, 1983 1/No details available 2/Diet does not add to 100%

30. Marine Shrimp (various spp):	Moist/Dry Pellets 1/		(Bangladesh)
	1	2
	(%)	(%)
Animal viscera	60	-
'A' grade fish meal	-	40
Rice bran	20	35
Wheat flour	20	25
	100	100

Source: Karim, 1986 1/These moist diets were fed moist or sun-dried, stored and used later. This was the pioneer shrimp, feed in Bangladesh.

31. Freshwater Prawns: Makanan Rumusan Udang Galah	Dry Pellets		(Thailand)
	1		2
	(%)		(%)
Fish Oil	3.0		3.0
Shrimp Meal	25.0		10.0
Fish Meal	10.0		4.0
Peanut Meal	5.0		2.0
Soybean meal	5.0		2.0
Broken Rice	25.5		39.0
Rice Bran	25.5		39.0
Guar Gum	1.0		1.0
	100.0		100.0

Source: New and Singholka, 1982

32. Freshwater Prawns:	Dry Pellets (%)	(Indonesia)
Fish Meal	20.0
Soybean Meal	9.0
Rice Bran	45.0
Coconut Oil Cake	20.0
Tapioca	5.0
Pfizer premix A 2/	1.0
	100.0

Source: Manik, 1976 2/No details available.

33. Freshwater Prawns:	Dry Pellets(%)	(Indonesia)
Shrimp Head Meal	30.0
Soybean Meal	4.0
Rice Bran	35.0
Coconut Oil Cake	20.0
Tapioca	9.0
Agar	1.0
Pfizer Premix A 1/	1.0
	100.0

Source: Manik, 1976

34. Freshwater Prawns:	Dry Pellets		(Hawaii)
Ingredients	Waldron's Broiler Starter(%)	Waldron's Game-cock Pellets(%)	Waldron's Prawn No 1. (%)	Waldron's Prawn No. 2. (%)
Alfalfa	-	-	4.00	4.00
Corn	53.25	50.25	56.75	56.75
Cottonseed Meal	10.00	15.75	-	-
Soybean Meal	24.25	20.50	27.00	25.00
Meat and Bone Meal	7.00	7.00	11.00	8.00
Tuna Meal	-	-	-	5.00
Vitamin Mix 1/	1.25	1.25	1.25	1.25
Mineral Mix 1/	1.25	1.25	-	-
Molasses	3.00	4.00	-	-
	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00

Source: Corbin, et al., 1986

35. Freshwater Prawns:	Grow-out feed		(Malaysia)
	Semi-Moist(%)	Dry (%)
Fish Meal (55%) CP)	8.00	13.0
Wheat Pollards	30.00	47.0
Rice Bran	11.75	19.0
Soybean Meal	12.00	19.0
Vitamin Mix No. 3	1.25	2.0
Water	37.00	100.0
	100.00

Source: Chow, 1984 1/No details available

36. Pacu:	Test Diet	(Fingerlings)	(Brazil)
	1	2
	(%)	(%)
Anchovy Meal (65% CP)	20.0	15.0
Soybean Meal (44% CP)	35.0	35.0
Orange Pulp Meal (5% CP)	20.0	10.0
Orange Seed Meal (30% CP)	-	10.0
Wheat Bran	24.0	29.0
Vitamin/Mineral Mix No. 1	1.0	1.0
	100.0	100.0

Source: Personal communication from K.W. Chow to F.A. Pagan-Font, 18/3/83

37. Milkfish:	Steamed Water Stable Cake %	(Indonesia)
Fresh Fish (or dried fish plus water equivalent)	10
Fresh Cassava (or dried cassava plus water equivalent)	15
Copra (coconut cake)	12
Rice Bran	25
Tahu Waste (90% H2O) 1/	23
Soybeans, Peanuts, leaves or similar	5
Water	10
	100

Source: Hastings, 1975 1/Soybean cake waste

38. Rabbit Fish:	Dry Pellets (%)	(Malaysia)
Fish Meal	15.0
Soybean Meal	25.0
Groundnut Meal	5.0
Rice Bran	26.5
Copra Cake Meal	10.0
Leaf Meal	5.0
Wheat Flour	8.0
Corn Meal	5.0
Vitamin Mix No. 4 2/	0.5
	100.0

Source: Abu Hassan et al., 1984 2/Although Vitamin Mix No. 4 was used at 0.5% the project consultant recommended Vitamin Mix No. 2 to be used at 1%.

39. Sea Bass: MAKANANAN RUMUSAN SIAKAP	Juvenile Test Diets			(Malaysia)
	1	2	3
	(%)	(%)	(%)
Trash Fish	50.0	50.0	-
Fish Meal	5.0	7.0	20.0
Wheat Pollards	35.5	29.5	30.5
Soybean Meal	7.0	11.0	7.0
Vitamin Mix No. 3	2.5	2.5	2.5
Water	-	-	40.0
	100.0	100.0	100.0

Source: Chow, 1984

40. Sea Bass and Grouper: Makanan Rumusan Ikan Kerapu	Moist Pellets (%)	(Malaysia)
Freshly Minced Fish	50.0
Fish Meal	17.5
Soybean	7.5
Rice Bran	17.0
Groundnut Meal	5.0
Wheat Flour	2.5
Vitamin Mix No. 4 1/	0.5
	100.0

Source: Abu Hassan et al., 1984 1/Although vitamin mix no. 4 was used at 0.5%, the project consultant recommended vitamin mix no. 2 to be used at 1%.

41. Sea bass (Lates calcarifer) MAKANAN IKAN SIAKAP	Juvenile Test Diet (%)	(Malaysia)
Fresh trash fish	49.0
Chinese extracted soybean meal	19.0
Wheat pollards	15.5
Thai fish meal (55% CP)	10.0
Cod liver oil	3.0
Vitamin mix 2/	2.5
Fresh whole squid	1.0
	100.0

Source: New, 1986b 2/ 10 g Roche vitamin concentrate No. 428/3, 20 g Chinese vitamin C, 970 g wheat pollards.

42. Sea Bass and Grouper:	Semi-Moist Grow-Out Feed (%)	(Indonesia)
Ground Fresh Fish	46
Fish Meal (Local - 56% Protein)	25
Soymeal (Ext.)	10
Meat and Bone Meal (Australian)	4
Wheat Pollards	4
Fish Oil (Local)	3
Seaweed Binder 1/	5
Mussel Meal	2
Vitamin Mix No. 12	1
	100

Source: Meyers, 1987b

43. Finfish (Sea Bass and Grouper)	Experimental Broodstock Diet (%)	(Indonesia)
Fresh Ground Fish	46
Fish Meal (Local)	20
Ext. Soybean Meal	12
Wheat Pollards	4
Fresh Mussel Meat	4
Fish Oil	4
Soybean Lecithin	3
Vitamin Mix No. 12	2
Seaweed Binder 1/	5
	100

Source: Meyers, 1987b 1/See Meyers (1987b) for method of preparation

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